一、Spring Web MVC框架简介
Spring的模型-视图-控制器（MVC）框架是围绕一个DispatcherServlet来设计的，这个Servlet会把请求分发给各个处理器，并支持可配置的处理器映射、视图渲染、本地化、时区与主题渲染等，甚至还能支持文件上传。
二、Servlet的生命周期
Servlet的生命周期包含了下面4个阶段：
加载和实例化：Servlet容器负责加载和实例化Servlet。当Servlet容器启动时，或者在容器检测到需要这个Servlet来响应第一个请求时，创建Servlet实例。
初始化：在Servlet实例化之后，容器将调用Servlet的init()方法初始化这个对象。初始化的目的是为了让Servlet对象在处理客户端请求前完成一些初始化的工作，
请求处理：Servlet容器调用Servlet的service()方法对请求进行处理。
服务终止：当容器检测到一个Servlet实例应该从服务中被移除的时候，容器就会调用实例的destroy()方法，以便让该实例可以释放它所使用的资源，保存数据到持久存储设备中。当需要释放内存或者容器关闭时，容器就会调用Servlet实例的destroy()方法。在destroy()方法调用之后，容器会释放这个Servlet实例，该实例随后会被Java的垃圾收集器所回收。如果再次需要这个Servlet处理请求，Servlet容器会创建一个新的Servlet实例。
三、关于DispatcherServlet
Spring MVC框架，与其他很多web的MVC框架一样：请求驱动；所有设计都围绕着一个中央Servlet来展开，它负责把所有请求分发到控制器；同时提供其他web应用开发所需要的功能。不过Spring的中央处理器，DispatcherServlet，能做的比这更多。它与Spring IoC容器做到了无缝集成，这意味着，Spring提供的任何特性，在Spring MVC中你都可以使用。
下图展示了Spring Web MVC的DispatcherServlet处理请求的工作流。熟悉设计模式的朋友会发现，DispatcherServlet应用的其实就是一个“前端控制器”的设计模式（其他很多优秀的web框架也都使用了这个设计模式）。
DispatcherServlet其实就是个Servlet（它继承自HttpServlet基类），同样也需要在你web应用的web.xml配置文件下声明。你需要在web.xml文件中把你希望DispatcherServlet处理的请求映射到对应的URL上去。这就是标准的Java EE Servlet配置；下面的代码就展示了对DispatcherServlet和路径映射的声明：
<web-app>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/root-context.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value></param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
</web-app>
HandlerMapping：处理器映射。它会根据某些规则将进入容器的请求映射到具体的处理器以及一系列前处理器和后处理器（即处理器拦截器）上。具体的规则视HandlerMapping类的实现不同而有所不同。其最常用的一个实现支持你在控制器上添加注解，配置请求路径。当然，也存在其他的实现。
HandlerAdapter：处理器适配器。拿到请求所对应的处理器后，适配器将负责去调用该处理器，这使得DispatcherServlet无需关心具体的调用细节。比方说，要调用的是一个基于注解配置的控制器，那么调用前还需要从许多注解中解析出一些相应的信息。因此，HandlerAdapter的主要任务就是对DispatcherServlet屏蔽这些具体的细节。
HandlerExceptionResolver：处理器异常解析器。它负责将捕获的异常映射到不同的视图上去，此外还支持更复杂的异常处理代码。
ViewResolver：视图解析器。它负责将一个代表逻辑视图名的字符串（String）映射到实际的视图类型View上。
LocaleResolver & LocaleContextResolver：地区解析器和地区上下文解析器。它们负责解析客户端所在的地区信息甚至时区信息，为国际化的视图定制提供了支持。
ThemeResolver：主题解析器。它负责解析你web应用中可用的主题，比如，提供一些个性化定制的布局等。
MultipartResolver：解析multi-part的传输请求，比如支持通过HTML表单进行的文件上传等。
FlashMapManager：FlashMap管理器。它能够存储并取回两次请求之间的FlashMap对象。后者可用于在请求之间传递数据，通常是在请求重定向的情境下使用。
四、SpringMVC 上下文初始化过程
DispacherServlet实例化后，会执行init方法
HttpServletBean覆写了init方法，对初始化过程做了一些处理：
@Override
public final void init() throws ServletException {
// Set bean properties from init parameters.
// 读取web.xml中配置
PropertyValues pvs = new ServletConfigPropertyValues(getServletConfig(), this.requiredProperties);
if (!pvs.isEmpty()) {
try {
// 通过BeanWrapper对DispatcherServlet进行属性设置等操作。
BeanWrapper bw = PropertyAccessorFactory.forBeanPropertyAccess(this);
ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new ServletContextResourceLoader(getServletContext());
bw.registerCustomEditor(Resource.class, new ResourceEditor(resourceLoader, getEnvironment()));
initBeanWrapper(bw);
bw.setPropertyValues(pvs, true);
}
catch (BeansException ex) {
if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) {
logger.error("Failed to set bean properties on servlet '" + getServletName() + "'", ex);
}
throw ex;
}
}
// 子类初始化入口
// Let subclasses do whatever initialization they like.
initServletBean();
}
FrameworkServlet重写了initServletBean方法：
//
@Override
protected final void initServletBean() throws ServletException {
getServletContext().log("Initializing Spring " + getClass().getSimpleName() + " '" + getServletName() + "'");
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Initializing Servlet '" + getServletName() + "'");
}
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
try {
// 初始化WebApplicationContext
this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext();
initFrameworkServlet();
}
catch (ServletException | RuntimeException ex) {
logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);
throw ex;
}
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
String value = this.enableLoggingRequestDetails ?
"shown which may lead to unsafe logging of potentially sensitive data" :
"masked to prevent unsafe logging of potentially sensitive data";
logger.debug("enableLoggingRequestDetails='" + this.enableLoggingRequestDetails +
"': request parameters and headers will be " + value);
}
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Completed initialization in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + " ms");
}
}
然后会调用initWebApplicationContext方法这里主要做的是获取（创建）一个WebApplicationContext，对它进行初始化，并且放到servlet环境中：
/**
* Initialize and publish the WebApplicationContext for this servlet.
**/
protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() {
// 获取根容器
WebApplicationContext rootContext =
WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext());
WebApplicationContext wac = null;
// 若使用的是以webApplicationContext为参数的构造方法，则会进入这里
if (this.webApplicationContext != null) {
// A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it
wac = this.webApplicationContext;
if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac;
if (!cwac.isActive()) {
// The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
// setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
// The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set
// the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent
cwac.setParent(rootContext);
}
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac);
}
}
}
if (wac == null) {
// 从ServletContex的Attribute中获取
// No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one
// has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed
// that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the
// user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id
wac = findWebApplicationContext();
}
if (wac == null) {
// 不存在则创建一个WebApplicationContext
// No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one
wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext);
}
if (!this.refreshEventReceived) {
// Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh
// support or the context injected at construction time had already been
// refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here.
synchronized (this.onRefreshMonitor) {
// 初始化mvc环境
onRefresh(wac);
}
}
if (this.publishContext) {
// 把WebApplicationContext作为ServletContext的一个属性
// Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.
String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName();
getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac);
}
return wac;
}
下面是创建WebApplicationContext的方法，这里边会涉及到ioc的过程：
protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(@Nullable ApplicationContext parent) {
Class<?> contextClass = getContextClass();
if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(
"Fatal initialization error in servlet with name '" + getServletName() +
"': custom WebApplicationContext class [" + contextClass.getName() +
"] is not of type ConfigurableWebApplicationContext");
}
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac =
(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
// 设置环境信息以及父容器
wac.setEnvironment(getEnvironment());
wac.setParent(parent);
// 获取配置信息（web.xml中配置的）
String configLocation = getContextConfigLocation();
if (configLocation != null) {
wac.setConfigLocation(configLocation);
}
// 配置
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(wac);
return wac;
}
protected void configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac) {
if (ObjectUtils.identityToString(wac).equals(wac.getId())) {
// The application context id is still set to its original default value
// -> assign a more useful id based on available information
if (this.contextId != null) {
wac.setId(this.contextId);
}
else {
// Generate default id...
wac.setId(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ID_PREFIX +
ObjectUtils.getDisplayString(getServletContext().getContextPath()) + '/' + getServletName());
}
}
// 设置ServletContext等内容
wac.setServletContext(getServletContext());
wac.setServletConfig(getServletConfig());
wac.setNamespace(getNamespace());
wac.addApplicationListener(new SourceFilteringListener(wac, new ContextRefreshListener()));
// The wac environment's #initPropertySources will be called in any case when the context
// is refreshed; do it eagerly here to ensure servlet property sources are in place for
// use in any post-processing or initialization that occurs below prior to #refresh
ConfigurableEnvironment env = wac.getEnvironment();
if (env instanceof ConfigurableWebEnvironment) {
((ConfigurableWebEnvironment) env).initPropertySources(getServletContext(), getServletConfig());
}
postProcessWebApplicationContext(wac);
applyInitializers(wac);
// ioc过程
wac.refresh();
}
DispatcherServlet中的的刷新方法
/**
* This implementation calls {@link #initStrategies}.
*/
@Override
protected void onRefresh(ApplicationContext context) {
initStrategies(context);
}
/**
* Initialize the strategy objects that this servlet uses.
* <p>May be overridden in subclasses in order to initialize further strategy objects.
*/
protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) {
// mvc环境初始化
//初始化MultipartResolver处理文件上传。 默认没有配置，即不处理。
initMultipartResolver(context);
//初始化LocaleResolver 配置国际化的i18n，默认AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver
initLocaleResolver(context);
//初始化ThemeResolver 通过界面主题
initThemeResolver(context);
//初始化HandlerMappings：处理映射器，为用户发送的请求找到合适的Handler Adapter
initHandlerMappings(context);
//初始化HandlerAdapters：处理器适配器，为请求寻找实际调用处理函数
initHandlerAdapters(context);
//初始化HandlerExceptionResolvers 异常处理器：根据异常设置ModelAndView，并通过render方法渲染。
initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context);
//初始化RequestToViewNameTranslator，从request中获取viewName
initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context);
//初始化ViewResolvers，视图解析，通过Stirng类型viewName找到View
initViewResolvers(context);
//初始化FlashMapManager
initFlashMapManager(context);
}
initHandlerMappings方法（其他方法类似）
/**
* Initialize the HandlerMappings used by this class.
* <p>If no HandlerMapping beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace,
* we default to BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping.
*/
private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) {
this.handlerMappings = null;
if (this.detectAllHandlerMappings) {
// Find all HandlerMappings in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts.
// 从Spring上下文中获取HandlerMapping类型的Bean
Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans =
BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping.class, true, false);
if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
// 设置到handlerMappings对象中并排序
this.handlerMappings = new ArrayList<>(matchingBeans.values());
// We keep HandlerMappings in sorted order.
AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings);
}
}
else {
try {
// 从上下文中直接获取HandlerMapping
HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping.class);
this.handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm);
}
catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) {
// Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later.
}
}
// Ensure we have at least one HandlerMapping, by registering
// a default HandlerMapping if no other mappings are found.
if (this.handlerMappings == null) {
// //初始化默认的HandlerMapping，即BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping
this.handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class);
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("No HandlerMappings declared for servlet '" + getServletName() +
"': using default strategies from DispatcherServlet.properties");
}
}
}
五、请求过程
请求经过HttpServlet的service()方法进入了DispatcherServlet类的doService方法
/**
* Exposes the DispatcherServlet-specific request attributes and delegates to {@link #doDispatch}
* for the actual dispatching.
*/
@Override
protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
logRequest(request);
// 设置一些属性
// Keep a snapshot of the request attributes in case of an include,
// to be able to restore the original attributes after the include.
Map<String, Object> attributesSnapshot = null;
if (WebUtils.isIncludeRequest(request)) {
attributesSnapshot = new HashMap<>();
Enumeration<?> attrNames = request.getAttributeNames();
while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) {
String attrName = (String) attrNames.nextElement();
if (this.cleanupAfterInclude || attrName.startsWith(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PREFIX)) {
attributesSnapshot.put(attrName, request.getAttribute(attrName));
}
}
}
// Make framework objects available to handlers and view objects.
request.setAttribute(WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, getWebApplicationContext());
request.setAttribute(LOCALE_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.localeResolver);
request.setAttribute(THEME_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.themeResolver);
request.setAttribute(THEME_SOURCE_ATTRIBUTE, getThemeSource());
if (this.flashMapManager != null) {
FlashMap inputFlashMap = this.flashMapManager.retrieveAndUpdate(request, response);
if (inputFlashMap != null) {
request.setAttribute(INPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, Collections.unmodifiableMap(inputFlashMap));
}
request.setAttribute(OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, new FlashMap());
request.setAttribute(FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_ATTRIBUTE, this.flashMapManager);
}
try {
doDispatch(request, response);
}
finally {
if (!WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
// Restore the original attribute snapshot, in case of an include.
if (attributesSnapshot != null) {
restoreAttributesAfterInclude(request, attributesSnapshot);
}
}
}
}
doservice方法在设置了一些属性后调用了doDispatch方法
/**
* Process the actual dispatching to the handler.
* <p>The handler will be obtained by applying the servlet's HandlerMappings in order.
* The HandlerAdapter will be obtained by querying the servlet's installed HandlerAdapters
* to find the first that supports the handler class.
* <p>All HTTP methods are handled by this method. It's up to HandlerAdapters or handlers
* themselves to decide which methods are acceptable.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param response current HTTP response
* @throws Exception in case of any kind of processing failure
*/
protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
boolean multipartRequestParsed = false;
WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);
try {
ModelAndView mv = null;
Exception dispatchException = null;
try {
processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);
multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request);
// 根据请求拿到HandlerExecutionChain
// Determine handler for the current request.
mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);
if (mappedHandler == null) {
noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);
return;
}
// 根据handler拿到handlerAdapter
// Determine handler adapter for the current request.
HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());
// Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.
String method = request.getMethod();
boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method);
if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) {
long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler());
if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) {
return;
}
}
if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
return;
}
// 执行拦截器链
// Actually invoke the handler.
mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());
if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
return;
}
applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv);
mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
dispatchException = ex;
}
catch (Throwable err) {
// As of 4.3, we're processing Errors thrown from handler methods as well,
// making them available for @ExceptionHandler methods and other scenarios.
dispatchException = new NestedServletException("Handler dispatch failed", err);
}
processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex);
}
catch (Throwable err) {
triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler,
new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed", err));
}
finally {
if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
// Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion
if (mappedHandler != null) {
mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response);
}
}
else {
// Clean up any resources used by a multipart request.
if (multipartRequestParsed) {
cleanupMultipart(processedRequest);
}
}
}
}
六、DispatcherServlet的处理流程
配置好DispatcherServlet以后，开始有请求会经过这个DispatcherServlet。此时，DispatcherServlet会依照以下的次序对请求进行处理：
首先，搜索应用的上下文对象WebApplicationContext并把它作为一个属性（attribute）绑定到该请求上，以便控制器和其他组件能够使用它。属性的键名默认为DispatcherServlet.WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE
将地区（locale）解析器绑定到请求上，以便其他组件在处理请求（渲染视图、准备数据等）时可以获取区域相关的信息。如果你的应用不需要解析区域相关的信息，忽略它即可
将主题（theme）解析器绑定到请求上，以便其他组件（比如视图等）能够了解要渲染哪个主题文件。同样，如果你不需要使用主题相关的特性，忽略它即可
如果你配置了multipart文件处理器，那么框架将查找该文件是不是multipart（分为多个部分连续上传）的。若是，则将该请求包装成一个MultipartHttpServletRequest对象，以便处理链中的其他组件对它做进一步的处理。关于Spring对multipart文件传输处理的支持，读者可以参考21.10 Spring的multipart（文件上传）支持一小节
为该请求查找一个合适的处理器。如果可以找到对应的处理器，则与该处理器关联的整条执行链（前处理器、后处理器、控制器等）都会被执行，以完成相应模型的准备或视图的渲染
如果处理器返回的是一个模型（model），那么框架将渲染相应的视图。若没有返回任何模型（可能是因为前后的处理器出于某些原因拦截了请求等，比如，安全问题），则框架不会渲染任何视图，此时认为对请求的处理可能已经由处理链完成了